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}} | reign =13 September 1598 – 31 March 1621 | coronation = | predecessor =Philip II | successor =Philip IV | image =245px | issue = | spouse =Margaret of Austria | house =House of Habsburg | father =Philip II of Spain | mother =Anna of Austria | birth_date = | birth_place =Madrid, Spain | death_date = | death_place =Madrid, Spain | place of burial =El Escorial | religion=Roman Catholicism | signature =Firma del Rey Felipe III.svg |}} }} Philip III of Spain ((スペイン語:Felipe III) ''«el piadoso»''; 14 April 1578 – 31 March 1621) was King of Spain (as ''Philip III'' in Castile and ''Philip II'' in Aragon) and Portugal ((ポルトガル語:Filipe II)). A member of the House of Habsburg, Philip III was born in Madrid to King Philip II of Spain and his fourth wife and niece Anna, the daughter of the Emperor Maximilian II and Maria of Spain. Philip III later married his cousin Margaret of Austria, sister of Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor. Although also known in Spain as Philip the Pious,〔Stradling, p. 9.〕 Philip's political reputation abroad has been largely negative – an 'undistinguished and insignificant man,' a 'miserable monarch,' whose 'only virtue appeared to reside in a total absence of vice,' to quote historians C. V. Wedgwood, R. Stradling and J. H. Elliott.〔Wedgwood, p. 55; Stradling, p. 18; Elliott, 1963, pp. 300-301.〕 In particular, Philip's reliance on his corrupt chief minister, the Duke of Lerma, drew much criticism at the time and afterwards. For many, the decline of Spain can be dated to the economic difficulties that set in during the early years of his reign. Nonetheless, as the ruler of the Spanish Empire at its height and as the king who achieved a temporary peace with the Dutch (1609–21) and brought Spain into the Thirty Years' War (1618–48) through an (initially) extremely successful campaign, Philip's reign remains a critical period in Spanish history. ==Early life== After Philip III's older brother Don Carlos died insane, Philip II had concluded that one of the causes of Carlos' condition had been the influence of the warring factions at the Spanish court.〔Feros, p.16.〕 He believed that Carlos' education and upbringing had been badly affected by this, resulting in his lunacy and disobedience, and accordingly he set out to pay much greater attention to his later sons' arrangements.〔 Philip II appointed Juan de Zúñiga, then Prince Diego's governor, to continue this role for Philip, and chose García de Loaysa as his tutor.〔 They were joined by Cristóbal de Moura, a close supporter of Philip II. In combination, Philip believed, they would provide a consistent, stable upbringing for Prince Philip, and ensure he avoided the same fate as Carlos.〔Feros, p.17.〕 Philip's education was to follow the model for royal princes laid down by Father Juan de Mariana, focusing on the imposition of restraints and encouragement to form the personality of the individual at an early age, aiming to deliver a king who was neither tyrannical, nor excessively under the influence of his courtiers.〔 Prince Philip appears to have been generally liked by his contemporaries; 'dynamic, good-natured and earnest,' suitably pious, having a 'lively body and a peaceful disposition,' albeit with a relatively weak constitution.〔Feros, p.19.〕 The comparison with the memory of the disobedient and ultimately insane Carlos was usually a positive one, although some commented that Prince Philip appeared less intelligent and politically competent than his late brother.〔 Indeed, although Philip was educated in Latin, French, Portuguese and astronomy and appears to have been a competent linguist,〔 recent historians suspect that much of his tutors' focus on Philip's undeniably pleasant, pious and respectful disposition was to avoid reporting that, languages aside, he was not in fact particularly intelligent or academically gifted.〔Williams, p.38.〕 Nonetheless, Philip does not appear to have been naive – his correspondence to his daughters shows a distinctive, cautious streak in his advice on dealing with court intrigue.〔Sánchez, p.101.〕 Philip first met the Marquis of Denia – the future Duke of Lerma – then, a gentleman of the King's chamber, in his early teens.〔 Lerma and Philip became close friends, but Lerma was considered unsuitable by the King and Philip's tutors. Lerma was dispatched to Valencia as a Viceroy in 1595, with the aim of removing Philip from his influence,〔 but after Lerma pleaded poor health, he was allowed to return two years later. By now in poor health himself, King Philip II was becoming increasingly concerned over the prince's future, and attempted to establish de Moura as a future, trusted advisor to his son and reinforcing de Loaysa's position by appointing him archbishop.〔Williams, p.39.〕 The prince received a new, conservative Dominican confessor.〔 The following year, Philip II died after a painful illness, leaving the empire to his son, King Philip III. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Philip III of Spain」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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